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Beneficial Plant-Bacterial Interactions
by Bernard R. GlickThis book provides a straightforward and easy-to-understand overview of beneficial plant-bacterial interactions. It features a wealth of unique illustrations to clarify the text, and each chapter includes study questions that highlight the important points, as well as references to key experiments. Since the publication of the first edition of Beneficial Plant-Bacterial Interactions, in 2015, there has been an abundance of new discoveries in this area, and in recent years, scientists around the globe have begun to develop a relatively detailed understanding of many of the mechanisms used by bacteria that facilitate plant growth and development. This knowledge is gradually becoming an integral component of modern agricultural practice, with more and more plant growth-promoting bacterial strains being commercialized and used successfully in countries throughout the world. In addition, as the world’s population continues to grow, the pressure for increased food production will intensify, while at the same time, environmental concerns, mean that environmentally friendly methods of food production will need to replace many traditional agricultural practices such as the use of potentially dangerous chemicals. The book, intended for students, explores the fundamentals of this new paradigm in agriculture, horticulture, and environmental cleanup.
Beneficial Property Taxation for Emerging Market Countries: Addressing Climate Change and Post-Pandemic Recovery
by Ehtisham Ahmad Giorgio BrosioThis book presents a new approach to recurrent property taxation based on occupancy, size, and location, that will strengthen local governments. Reflecting on the concept of “beneficial property taxation” first proposed by Alfred Marshall, the political economy constraints faced by traditional property taxation are examined and compared with evidence for beneficial property tax seen in China, Mexico, and sub-Saharan Africa. The benefits of this form of taxation are highlighted in relation to the financing of local public services and infrastructure that are required for sustainable development. This book provides a policy-oriented look at property taxation that engages with the sustainable development goals and lay the foundations for a post-pandemic recovery. It will be relevant to researchers and policymakers interested in development economics and the governance of taxation.
The Beneficiary
by Bruce RobbinsFrom iPhones and clothing to jewelry and food, the products those of us in the developed world consume and enjoy exist only through the labor and suffering of countless others. In his new book Bruce Robbins examines the implications of this dynamic for humanitarianism and social justice. He locates the figure of the "beneficiary" in the history of humanitarian thought, which asks the prosperous to help the poor without requiring them to recognize their causal role in the creation of the abhorrent conditions they seek to remedy. Tracing how the beneficiary has manifested itself in the work of George Orwell, Virginia Woolf, Jamaica Kincaid, Naomi Klein, and others, Robbins uncovers a hidden tradition of economic cosmopolitanism. There are no easy answers to the question of how to confront systematic inequality on a global scale. But the first step, Robbins suggests, is to acknowledge that we are, in fact, beneficiaries.
The Beneficiary: Fortune, Misfortune, and the Story of My Father
by Janny ScottA parable for the new age of inequality: part family history, part detective story, part history of a vanishing class, and a vividly compelling exploration of the degree to which an inheritance—financial, cultural, genetic—conspired in one person's self-destruction.Land, houses, and money tumbled from one generation to the next on the eight-hundred-acre estate built by Scott's investment banker great-grandfather on Philadelphia's Main Line. There was an obligation to protect it, a license to enjoy it, a duty to pass it on—but it was impossible to know in advance how all that extraordinary good fortune might influence the choices made over a lifetime. In this warmly felt tale of an American family's fortunes, journalist Janny Scott excavates the rarefied world that shaped her charming, unknowable father, Robert Montgomery Scott, and provides an incisive look at the weight of inheritance, the tenacity of addiction, and the power of buried secrets.Some beneficiaries flourished, like Scott's grandmother, Helen Hope Scott, a socialite and celebrated horsewoman said to have inspired Katherine Hepburn's character in the play and Academy Award-winning film The Philadelphia Story. For others, including the author's father, she concludes, the impact was more complex.Bringing her journalistic talents, light touch, and crystalline prose to this powerful story of a child's search to understand a parent's puzzling end, Scott also raises questions about our new Gilded Age. New fortunes are being amassed, new estates are being born. Does anyone wonder how it will all play out, one hundred years hence?
The Benefit and The Burden: Tax Reform-Why We Need It and What It Will Take
by Bruce BartlettA thoughtful and surprising argument for American tax reform, arguably the most overdue political debate facing the nation, from one of the most respected political and economic thinkers, advisers, and writers of our time.THE UNITED STATES TAX CODE HAS UNDERGONE NO SERIOUS REFORM SINCE 1986. Since then, loopholes, exemptions, credits, and deductions have distorted its clarity, increased its inequity, and frustrated our ability to govern ourselves. By tracing the history of our own tax system and assessing the way other countries have solved similar problems, Bruce Bartlett explores the surprising answers to all these issues, giving a sense of the tax code's many benefits--and its inevitable burdens. From one of the most respected political and economic thinkers, advisers, and writers of our time, The Benefit and the Burden is a thoughtful and surprising argument for American tax reform.
The Benefit and the Burden: Tax Reform--why We Need It and What It Will Take
by Bruce BartlettA thoughtful and surprising argument for American tax reform, arguably the most overdue political debate facing the nation, from one of the most respected political and economic thinkers, advisers, and writers of our time. The United States Tax Code has undergone no serious reform since 1986. Since then, loopholes, exemptions, credits, and deductions have distorted its clarity, increased its inequity, and frustrated our ability to govern ourselves. At its core, any tax system is in place to raise the revenue needed to pay the government's bills. But where that revenue should come from raises crucial questions: Should our tax code be progressive, with the wealthier paying more than the poor, and if so, to what extent? Should we tax income or consumption or both? Of the various ideas proposed by economists and politicians--from tax increases to tax cuts, from a VAT to a Fair Tax--what will work and won't? By tracing the history of our own tax system and by assessing the way other countries have solved similar problems, Bartlett explores the surprising answers to all of these questions, giving a sense of the tax code's many benefits--and its inevitable burdens. Tax reform will be a major issue debated in the years ahead. Growing budget deficits and the expiration of various tax cuts loom. Reform, once a philosophical dilemma, is turning into a practical crisis. By framing the various tax philosophies that dominate the debate, Bartlett explores the distributional, technical, and political advantages and costs of the various proposals and ideas that will come to dominate America's political conversation in the years to come.
Benefit Corporation Law and Governance: Pursuing Profit with Purpose
by Frederick AlexanderCorporations with a ConscienceCorporations today are embedded in a system of shareholder primacy. Nonfinancial concerns—like worker well-being, environmental impact, and community health—are secondary to the imperative to maximize share price. Benefit corporation governance reorients corporations so that they work for the interests of all stakeholders, not just shareholders. This is the first authoritative guide to this new form of governance. It is an invaluable guide for legal and financial professionals, as well as interested entrepreneurs and investors who want to understand how purposeful corporate governance can be put into practice.
Benefit-Cost Analysis
by Harry F. Campbell Richard P. C. BrownBenefit-Cost Analysis offers the perfect introduction to benefit–cost analysis. The book closely integrates the theory and practice of benefit–cost analysis using a spreadsheet framework. The spreadsheet model is constructed in a truly original way which contributes to transparency, provides a check on the accuracy of the analysis, and facilitates sensitivity, risk and alternative scenario assessment. A case study incorporating the various issues is progressively developed on a spreadsheet with the links between each stage thoroughly explained. The complete case study spreadsheet can serve as a template for the reader's own appraisal of projects in the field. In addition to the worked examples in the text some exercises are appended at the end of each chapter. For further information please visit http://www. uq. edu. au/economics/bca
Benefit-cost Analysis: A Political Economy Approach
by A. Allan SchmidChoice is the name of the game. Government sets the size of the public budget and decides which public projects it will invest in and which transfers and regulations it will implement. To do this systematically the government must have a procedure that displays the consequences of the alternatives. This book is an exposition of benefit-cost analysis (BCA), an analytic framework for organizing thoughts, listing the pros and cons of alternatives, and determining values for all relevant factors so that the alternatives can be ranked. A major question illuminated by this text is whether the results of such an analysis can instruct government--in the sense of telling it what it must do to avoid being labelled stupid, corrupt, irrational, and/or inefficient. How and when, we will ask, can the benefit-cost analyst label a particular governmental investment, policy, or regulation as political (in the pejorative sense) as opposed to economic (in the laudatory sense of being economically justified)? This book will argue that BCA is much like a consumer information system. Consumer information neither tells consumers what to do nor tells them what they should want. However, it does tell them which products will perform in selected ways and at what costs. And this information, together with the independently arrived at wants, helps the consumer make intelligent choices.
Benefit-Cost Analysis of Air Pollution, Energy, and Climate Regulations (Elements in Public Economics)
by Kerry Krutilla John D. GrahamThis element offers a review and synthesis of the research on economic methods for evaluating regulations that improve air quality, save energy, and reduce climate risks. The intended audience is regulators and other constituencies interested in the nexus between scholarship and practice; analysts in government agencies and research organizations; and academic scholars and their graduate students. Topics include the evolution of regulatory impact assessment in the OECD; cost estimation, including engineering, partial equilibrium, and general equilibrium approaches; benefit valuation, with an emphasis on the value of reducing risk of illness and premature mortality, and methods for pricing carbon emissions; discounting methods, and their relationship to carbon pricing; the distribution of regulatory costs and benefits; and uncertainty evaluation methods for addressing less and more fundamental uncertainty. Perspective on the relevance and limitations of current research is offered. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Benefit of the Doubt: Breaking the Idol of Certainty
by Gregory A. BoydBestselling author counters the biblical notion that faith means lack of doubt, offering practical ways to live as disciples in a world of uncertainty.
Benefit of the Doubt: A Novel (The Newberg Novels #1)
by Neal GriffinA Wisconsin detective faces a crime ring with ties to his own department in this “suspenseful debut novel by a cop-turned-author who knows the turf” (Joseph Wambaugh, #1 New York Times–bestselling author).Benefit of the Doubt is a gripping thriller that exposes the dark underbelly of policing in small-town America, where local police departments now deal with big-city crimes and corruption.Ben Sawyer was a big-city cop, until a public altercation forced him to resign. Now a detective in the tiny Wisconsin town where he and his wife grew up, Ben suspects the higher-ups in his department are taking payoffs from local drug lords.Before long, Ben is off the force. His wife is accused of murder. His only ally is another outcast, a Latina rookie cop. Worse, a killer has escaped from jail with vengeance on his mind . . . and Ben Sawyer in his sights.
Benefit Realisation Management: A Practical Guide to Achieving Benefits Through Change
by Gerald BradleyThe first edition of Gerald Bradley's Benefit Realisation Management quickly established itself as the definitive, practical guide to using measures to track performance throughout the life of a project or programme; enabling organisations to eliminate wasted investment, realise more benefits and realise them earlier. The second edition takes you step-by-step through the benefits realisation process, explaining along the way, how to: * define your projects and programmes by mapping the benefits * produce a convincing and accurate business case * communicate the benefits and get all your stakeholders on board * agree the measures you will use to encourage the desired behaviours, to monitor progress and to assess the ultimate success of the project or programme * use the benefits realisation approach to understand and address the human aspects of the project, including resistance to change, training needs and new ways of working * integrate this approach into your organisation's culture and systems The second edition includes expanded guidance on benefits realisation for portfolio management and includes revisions to the original text along with additional case study examples. The text of the latest edition is now printed in four-colour which make the detailed and varied benefit maps throughout the text immediately more striking and comprehensible. The benefits realisation management methodology fits closely with existing programme and project management approaches such as MSP and Prince 2, making it appropriate for both public and private sector environments. If you are investing heavily in change management, IT infrastructure or project working, then this book is a must-read that will justify its price many times over.
Benefit-Risk Assessment in Pharmaceutical Research and Development (Chapman & Hall/CRC Biostatistics Series)
by Andreas Sashegyi James Felli Rebecca NoelMany practitioners in the pharmaceutical industry are still largely unfamiliar with benefit-risk assessment, despite its growing prominence in drug development and commercialization. Helping to alleviate this knowledge gap, Benefit-Risk Assessment in Pharmaceutical Research and Development provides a succinct overview of the key considerations rele
Benefit-Risk Assessment Methods in Medical Product Development: Bridging Qualitative and Quantitative Assessments (Chapman & Hall/CRC Biostatistics Series)
by Qi Jiang and Weili HeGuides You on the Development and Implementation of B–R Evaluations Benefit–Risk Assessment Methods in Medical Product Development: Bridging Qualitative and Quantitative Assessments provides general guidance and case studies to aid practitioners in selecting specific benefit–risk (B–R) frameworks and quantitative methods. Leading experts from industry, regulatory agencies, and academia present practical examples, lessons learned, and best practices that illustrate how to conduct structured B–R assessment in clinical development and regulatory submission. The first section of the book discusses the role of B–R assessments in medicine development and regulation, the need for both a common B–R framework and patient input into B–R decisions, and future directions. The second section focuses on legislative and regulatory policy initiatives as well as decisions made at the U.S. FDA’s Center for Devices and Radiological Health. The third section examines key elements of B–R evaluations in a product’s life cycle, such as uncertainty evaluation and quantification, quantifying patient B–R trade-off preferences, ways to identify subgroups with the best B–R profiles, and data sources used to assist B–R assessment. The fourth section equips practitioners with tools to conduct B–R evaluations, including assessment methodologies, a quantitative joint modeling and joint evaluation framework, and several visualization tools. The final section presents a rich collection of case studies. With top specialists sharing their in-depth knowledge, thought-provoking considerations, and practical advice, this book offers comprehensive coverage of B–R evaluation methods, tools, and case studies. It gives practitioners a much-needed toolkit to develop and conduct their own B–R evaluations.
Benefit-Risk Assessment of Medicines: The Development and Application of a Universal Framework for Decision-Making and Effective Communication
by Stuart Walker Sam Salek James LeongThis book proposes and investigates a universal framework, and accompanying documentation system, to facilitate and catalogue benefit-risk decisions; a valuable addition to the benefit-risk toolbox. Over the past decade, pharmaceutical companies and regulatory agencies have been reviewing the benefit-risk assessment of medicines with a view to developing a structured, systematic, standardized approach. Examining the evaluation of such an approach by several mature regulatory authorities ensures that the reader gains a unique insight into the ongoing debate in this area. The field of benefit-risk assessment continues to evolve at a rapid pace due to political and societal pressure, as is reflected in the recent FDA PUDFA agreement as well as in the EMA 2015 Roadmap. Rather than provide a comprehensive snap-shot of this constantly changing environment, this book evaluates selected current approaches to benefit-risk assessment. The strengths and weaknesses of publicly available documents in communicating benefit-risk decisions to stakeholders are reviewed and these evaluations are used to inform development of a prospective framework that could be used to harmonise procedures globally.
Benefit Sharing: From Biodiversity to Human Genetics
by Doris Schroeder Julie Cook LucasBiomedical research is increasingly carried out in low- and middle-income countries. International consensus has largely been achieved around the importance of valid consent and protecting research participants from harm. But what are the responsibilities of researchers and funders to share the benefits of their research with research participants and their communities? After setting out the legal, ethical and conceptual frameworks for benefit sharing, this collection analyses seven historical cases to identify the ethical and policy challenges that arise in relation to benefit sharing. A series of recommendations address possible ways forward to achieve justice for research participants in low- and middle-income countries.
Benefit-sharing in Environmental Governance: Local Experiences of a Global Concept (Earthscan Studies in Natural Resource Management)
by Louisa ParksTaking a bottom-up perspective, this book explores local framings of a wide range of issues related to benefit-sharing, a growing concept in global environmental governance. Benefit-sharing in Environmental Governance draws on original case studies from South Africa, Namibia, Greece, Argentina, and Malaysia to shed light on what benefit-sharing looks like from the local viewpoint. These local-level case studies move away from the idea of benefit-sharing as defined by a single international organization or treaty. Rather, they reflect different situations where benefit-sharing has been considered, including agriculture, access to land and plants, wildlife management, and extractives industries. Common themes in the experiences of local communities form the basis for an exploration of spaces for local voices at the international level in the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), often argued to be the most open arena to non-state actors, and therefore vital to how local voices may be included at the global level. The book analyzes the decisions of the CBD parties to produce an in-depth reflection on how this arena builds and delimits spaces for the expression of local community themes, and paths for local community participation including community protocols. The book then situates the bottom-up findings in the wider debate about global civil society and deliberative democracy in environmental governance. This interdisciplinary book will be of great interest to students and scholars of environmental politics, environmental law, political ecology and global governance, as well as practitioners and policymakers involved in multilateral environmental agreements.
Benefit Transfer of Environmental and Resource Values: A Guide for Researchers and Practitioners (The Economics of Non-Market Goods and Resources #14)
by John Rolfe Roy Brouwer Robert J. Johnston Randall S. RosenbergerThis book provides a comprehensive review of environmental benefit transfer methods, issues and challenges, covering topics relevant to researchers and practitioners. Early chapters provide accessible introductory materials suitable for non-economists. These chapters also detail how benefit transfer is used within the policy process. Later chapters cover more advanced topics suited to valuation researchers, graduate students and those with similar knowledge of economic and statistical theory and methods. This book provides the most complete coverage of environmental benefit transfer methods available in a single location. The book targets a wide audience, including undergraduate and graduate students, practitioners in economics and other disciplines looking for a one-stop handbook covering benefit transfer topics and those who wish to apply or evaluate benefit transfer methods. It is designed for those both with and without training in economics
Benefits and Beyond: A Comprehensive and Strategic Approach to Retirement, Health Care, and More
by Thomas E. MurphyBenefits and Beyond: A Comprehensive and Strategic Approach to Retirement, Health Care, and More provides readers with a variety of interdisciplinary principles and tools, including labor economics, human resources strategy, tax policy, metrics, and actuarial science. Rather than training students in the details of current benefits offerings, this text prepares students to deal with the future evolution of benefit designs and policy. Numerous cases, examples, and exercises engage readers and help them master the content.
The Benefits and Costs of Intervening in Banking Crises
by Edward J. Frydl Marc QuintynA report from the International Monetary Fund.
Benefits Bestowed?: Education and British Imperialism (Routledge Library Editions: Education)
by J. A. ManganThis volume concentrates on the processes and practices of formal education, which shaped, and were shaped by, imperial values, attitudes and behaviour. It is concerned with: The myths and visions of imperialism; The nature and extent of ethnocentric attitudes, declared and undeclared; The use of education as a means of disseminating and reinforcing imperial images; The changing concept of imperialism as reflected in the emphases of educational literature The different perceptions of imperialism in the various social and ethnic strata of metropolitan and overseas communities and education systems The assimiliation, adaptation and rejection of metropolitan educational models The issue of imperial education as enlightenment, hegemony and control. The book features chapters by educationalists, historians and sociologists on education as a cornerstone in the construction of imperial control.
Benefits, Burdens, and Prospects of the American Community Survey:
by Daniel L. CorkIn June 2012, the Committee on National Statistics (sponsored by the U. S. Census Bureau) convened a Workshop on the Benefits (and Burdens) of the American Community Survey (ACS)---the detailed demographic and economic survey that began full-scale data collection in 2005 and that replaced the traditional "long form" in the 2010 census. ACS data are used by numerous federal agencies to administer programs, yet the ACS only moved from abstraction to reality for most users in 2010, when the first ACS estimates for small areas (based on 5 years of collected data) were made available. Hence, the workshop marked the opportunity to develop a picture of the breadth of the nonfederal user base of the ACS---among them, the media, policy research and evaluation groups (that distill ACS results for the media and broader public), state and local agencies, businesses and economic development organizations, and local and regional planning authorities---and to gather information on users' experiences with the first full releases of ACS products. In addition to covering innovative uses of the information now available on a continuous basis in the ACS, the workshop gave expression to the challenges and burdens associated with the survey: the time burden places on respondents, the challenges of explaining and interpreting estimates with increased levels of variability, and the privacy and confidentiality implications of some of the ACS content. Benefits, Burdens, and Prospects of the American Community Survey: Summary of a Workshop provides a factual summary of the workshop proceedings and hints at the contours of the ACS user constituency, providing important input to the ongoing review and refinement of the ACS program.
Benefits Management
by Elizabeth Daniel John WardThe second edition of Benefits Management has been updated with current examples, further insights from experience and recent research. It shows how the enduring challenges achieving business value from information systems and technology projects can be addressed successfully. The approach, which is synthesized from best practices, sound theories and proven techniques from a range of management disciplines, is exemplified from the authors' extensive experience of working with a wide range of organizations. The book includes examples from a wide variety of projects including non-IT projects. The book is written in an accessible style, ideal for practicing managers, and includes check lists and templates for using the processes, tools and techniques and real-life case studies of their application and impacts.The book now also includes:International survey results that reinforce the importance of the topic, the key management issues and evidence of how the more successful organizations' practices are closely aligned with those described in the book.A Benefits Management Maturity diagnostic which enables organizations to understand the reasons for their current investment success levels and then how to increase them.Discussion of the role and contribution Project Management Offices (PMOs): how they can improve the delivery of value IT projects.Further practical advice and guidance on Program and Portfolio Management, including findings from the authors' recent research in several large organizations.
Benefits of Bayesian Network Models
by Christophe Simon Philippe WeberThe application of Bayesian Networks (BR) in dependability is a relatively recent development. Their popularity grew in the area of reliability analysis of systems, since the 1990s. A large number of scientific publications in this area show the interest in the applications of BN in the field of dependability and risk analysis. The most important publications demonstrate equivalence with probabilistic methods conventionally used in dependability. We have now a number of survey papers that gives a good view of the ability of BN application to dependability. Unfortunately, this modeling formalism is not fully accepted in the industry. The questions posed by today's engineers focus on the validity of BN models and the resulting estimates. Indeed, the modeling formalism by BN is not based on a specific semantic in dependability but offers a general formalism for modeling problems under uncertainty. This book explains the principles of knowledge structuration to ensure a valid BN model and illustrate the flexibility and efficiency of representation by PGMs.